Author name: Iqra Rehman

A connector’s job looks simple from the outside: two surfaces meet, and current flows. What determines whether that connection stays reliable over years of thermal cycling and mechanical stress happens

A Ball Grid Array package hides its solder connections underneath the die itself. There is no angle from which a camera, or even a standard 2D X-ray, can view a BGA joint without every other joint in the array overlapping it in the same projection.

A turbine blade’s internal cooling channels are designed into the wax pattern and ceramic core long before any metal is poured.

A battery pack enclosure that clears its manufacturing leak test is not guaranteed to remain sealed over its service life.

CT void analysis answers a question standard porosity inspection does not: not just how many voids exist in a casting, but where they cluster relative to the gate.

Titanium powder used in additive manufacturing is reused across multiple build cycles. Each reuse cycle is also an opportunity for contamination to enter the powder bed, and once contamination is embedded inside a printed part, it cannot be removed. It can only be found.

Sand casting CT inspection typically deals with four recurring internal defect categories, shown in the chart above: gas porosity, shrinkage porosity, sand inclusion, and cold shut.

Spot-check inspection has a structural weakness that has nothing to do with the accuracy of the equipment used: it only examines a sample, not every part.